Apparatus for converting radiation to electrical energy and for thermal energy collection, comprising photovoltaic solar modules, solar heat collection panels, solar photovoltaic panels, solar heat collection panel arrays, solar photovoltaic panel arrays, solar concentrators, solar concentrator arrays, solar trackers, and solar thermal collectors; apparatus for testing, measuring, and characterizing apparatus for converting radiation to electrical energy and for thermal energy collection, comprising photovoltaic solar modules, solar heat collection panels, solar photovoltaic panels, solar heat collection panel arrays, solar photovoltaic panel arrays, solar concentrators, solar concentrator arrays, solar trackers, and solar thermal collectors